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- <text id=89TT2993>
- <title>
- Nov. 13, 1989: How The Earth Maintains Life
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1989
- Nov. 13, 1989 Arsenio Hall
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- IDEAS, Page 114
- How the Earth Maintains Life
- </hdr><body>
- <p>An intriguing scientific theory continues to win adherents
- </p>
- <p>By Eugene Linden
- </p>
- <p> One of the greatest benefits of the Apollo space program
- was the image in the rearview mirror as the astronauts rocketed
- to the moon. It was the first time earthlings could see their
- home as a whole, and NASA's pictures said with stunning force
- what neither words nor theories could adequately convey: life
- has radically transformed this numinous sphere. The
- heart-stopping beauty of the earth set against the dark void of
- space earned inventor-scientist James Lovelock the first
- adherents to a theory that appears to reconcile science and
- religion in the study of life on earth. Lovelock's idea, named
- the Gaia hypothesis after the ancient earth goddess of the
- Greeks, is that the planet is alive and functions as a
- superorganism in which living things interact with geophysical
- and chemical processes to maintain conditions suitable for life.
- </p>
- <p> Lovelock was not the first to argue that earth functions
- like a giant organism; Scottish geologist James Hutton made the
- same point in 1785. But Lovelock's formulation is compelling
- because science now has the tools to explore some of the vast
- interactions that govern global systems. Although Lovelock first
- articulated his hypothesis in the early 1970s, in collaboration
- with microbiologist Lynn Margulis, it has only recently begun
- to have significant impact on the scientific world. Initially,
- Gaia was only embraced by New Age types who responded to a
- holistic view of nature that blurred the distinction between
- life and death.
- </p>
- <p> Lovelock and Margulis have modified the theory over the
- years to address scientists' criticism that Gaia implied that
- the earth acted with a sense of purpose. In its newest form,
- Gaia has inspired a flood of research into the interaction
- between living systems and the atmosphere, earth and oceans. At
- the first major scientific conference on Gaia, sponsored by the
- American Geophysical Union in 1988, the austere group of
- scientists ended their meeting by giving Lovelock an exuberant
- standing ovation.
- </p>
- <p> Scientists have begun to regard Gaia more seriously because
- the world has forced them to do so. If they are to understand
- such pressing environmental problems as the greenhouse effect
- or the consequences of mass extinctions, they will have to
- overcome their reluctance to look beyond their own specialties:
- nature does not necessarily respect the arbitrary boundaries
- established for scientific disciplines. By focusing on entire
- systems, Gaia provides a framework through which marine
- biologists, geochemists and geophysicists can integrate their
- work.
- </p>
- <p> According to the Gaia hypothesis, earth's atmosphere would
- be unstable for life if it were not regulated by the biosphere,
- the envelope of life surrounding earth. Oxygen levels have
- remained at roughly 21% of the atmosphere for 200 million years,
- Lovelock asserts, whereas they should have fluctuated wildly,
- according to some geochemical models of the atmosphere. Were
- oxygen levels to rise above 25%, spontaneous fires would break
- out; if they dropped below 15%, many higher life-forms would
- suffocate. Climatologist Tyler Volk of New York University
- argues that life controls earth's temperature as well. In a
- study recently published in the British journal Nature, he and
- colleague David Schwartzman asserted that, without the cooling
- effects of living things, earth would be 80 degrees F warmer.
- </p>
- <p> Lovelock originally thought that some purposeful design
- organized living things to stabilize the atmosphere and
- climate. Now he and Margulis believe this regulation is achieved
- through the simple mechanism of feedback. For instance, in a
- hypothetical scenario, Lovelock shows that a planet covered
- simply by light- and dark-colored daisies could control the
- sun's heat. In this self-regulating model, dark daisies would
- absorb sunlight and warm the planet, until it became too warm
- for the dark daisies and instead favored the proliferation of
- light-reflecting daisies. That would have the effect of cooling
- the planet until the cycle reversed itself again.
- </p>
- <p> Scientists have yet to uncover the actual mechanisms by
- which life processes regulate earth's climate and atmosphere.
- Lovelock maintains that this makes it all the more imperative
- that man halt the mass extinctions threatened by the destruction
- of tropical forests, because he does not know what creatures are
- essential to his own survival. At the American Geophysical Union
- conference on Gaia, Lovelock argued that diversity makes earth
- both stable and habitable: "You cannot have a sparse planet any
- more than you can have half an animal."
- </p>
- <p> Gaia's critics have by no means been silenced. Some dispute
- the degree to which life-forms stabilize the atmosphere and
- temper the climate. Others contend that the emergence of oxygen
- in earth's atmosphere contradicts Gaia because it made the air
- poisonous for anaerobic creatures of primordial times.
- Evolutionary scholar Richard Dawkins argues that earth cannot
- be considered an organism because it does not reproduce. Gaian
- proponents respond that the increase of oxygen in the atmosphere
- was slow enough to allow the mix of life-forms to adjust, and
- physician-author Lewis Thomas answers Dawkins by coyly
- suggesting that, through space exploration, mankind may be
- acting as an inadvertent disseminator of earth's spore.
- </p>
- <p> Its critics notwithstanding, Gaia seems to be gaining in
- influence among both scientists and theologians. To some,
- Gaia's appeal is that it promises to end the long estrangement
- of Western science and religion. Even if the biosphere regulates
- the planet by feedback, Gaia still integrates living things and
- inanimate forces into a unified system, allowing both science
- and religion to look at life as something more than a mere
- accident. Says James Parks Morton, dean of New York City's St.
- John the Divine Episcopal Cathedral and a leading religious
- advocate of Gaia's: "The very nature of this hypothesis shows
- that we are now at a new moment when scientific and religious
- inquiry is directed to the same reality and discussed in a
- common language."
- </p>
-
- </body></article>
- </text>
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